The geometry and analysis on Finsler manifolds is a very important part of Finsler geometry. In this survey article, we introduce some important and fundamental topics in global Finsler geometry and discuss the related properties and the relationships in them. In particular, we optimize and improve the various de, nitions of Lie derivatives on Finsler manifolds. Further, we also obtain an estimate of lower bound for the non-zero eigenvalues of the Finsler Laplacian under the condition that RicN ,K > 0.

After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

The present theoretical-analytical article aimed at the study of the characteristics of wicked problems & the strategies applied for their management according to the ideas of Rittel and Weber. Based upon some statistical data and secondary analysis method, the article presents some manifestations of wicked problems in contemporary Iran. From the pathological standpoint, the main reason for the wickedness of policy problems is stemmed in the historical and continuous gap and persistent cleavage between state and society. Inspired by theoretical approaches presented in the conceptualization section, it sounds that the collaborative strategy is necessary for the wise and successful management of wicked problems. The strategic implication of this statement is the necessity for whole and profound revision of traditional patterns of state-society relations in Iran and its transformation to participatory, deliberative, collaborative, dialogue-based, non-hierarchical, decentralized and citizen-oriented relationships which its fulfillment in turn necessitates the transformation of state’ s functions and the nature of the structure of power in one hand and the behavioral change of citizens in the other hand.

The concept of law in contemporary Iran is based on a fundamental challenge that indicates a kind of conceptual divergence; because the concept of law in modern perception is based on a humanistic and secular approach and has an autonomous nature. The source of law is pure practical reason, which, according to Kant, is independent of everything other than reason itself, and for this reason it is also completely independent of religious and revelation sources, and its dependence on Sharia distorts its autonomous identity. On the other hand, religious rules are completely dependent on revelation sources and their source is divine will, and their independence from religious sources calls their divine identity into question. This conceptual divergence makes the combination of two modern and Islamic normative systems in one society logically impossible, and therefore can be expressed as the root of social problems in the legal-judicial system of contemporary Iran; a challenge that provides the basis for numerous and diverse social problems and harms due to the incompatibility of the two divergent normative systems; Issues such as duality in social values and lifestyle, disintegration in the educational and judicial systems, lack of coherence and efficiency in the criminal justice system, and the identity crisis of Iranian society are among the most important issues that are rooted in the conceptual challenge of the law, and solving these issues depends on a deep re-reading and radical solution to this conceptual challenge.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

In this research, we introduce fundamental hypergroups and dependent hypergroups then we investigate a connection between hypergroup theory and nuclear physics and fundamental particles. We show that interaction process such as Lepton actions in fundamental particle physics and nuclear fusion Stars forms a fundamental hypergroup.